Lesson 5 - PRONOUNS

THE PRONOUNS

(I Pronomi) Variable part of speech!

The personal pronouns (pronomi personali)
replace the names in order to avoid their repetition; some have function of subject and other of complement.

The personal pronoun GLI means A LUI.
The personal pronoun LE means A LEI.
The personal pronoun LORO means A ESSI - male or A ESSE - female

Possessive pronouns (pronomi possessivi): Mio, tuo, suo, nostro, vostro, loro
Example:
Possessive adjective: Il MIO libro. (My book)
Possessive pronoun: Questo è MIO. (This is MINE)

Demonstrative pronouns (pronomi dimostrativi).
Words that indicate the location of something respect to us and respect the listener.Attention should not be mistaken:
Demonstrative pronoun (when replacing the name):
QUESTO è mio. THAT is mine.
Demonstrative adjective (when accompanying the name to which it refers):
QUESTO libro è mio. THAT book is mine.
Adverb (only when QUESTO becomes STA and accompanied a certain period of time) STAmane (this morning), STAsera (This Evening), STAnotte (Tonight)...

Relative pronouns  (Pronomi relativi) (NOTE: Some pronouns can be invariable)
The relative pronoun replaces prior elements and connects two propositions.
Variable = il quale, i quali, la quale, le quali

Unvariable = che, cuiRemember: If CHE can be replaced with the "quale, la quale, i quali, le quali" is a relative pronoun. If you can not do this, it is a conjunction!

Indefinite pronouns (Pronomi indefiniti)Indefinite adjective and the indefinite pronoun indicate things and persons without specifying the precise amount or quality. Often, their shapes are the same, since the adjective accompanying the name can take its place and serve as a pronoun.

The following adjectives:

   In Italia ci sono molte città storiche.
   Quest'anno il ciliegio ha dato tanti frutti.

    In Italy there are many historic towns.
    This year, the cherry tree has many fruits.

Can therefore will assume the role of pronoun:

    Le città storiche in Italia sono belle, ma molte sono trascurate.
    Quest'anno il ciliegio ha dato dei buoni frutti, peccato che tanti non siano stati raccolti.

    The historic towns in Italy were nice, but many are neglected.
    This year, the cherry has given good results, too bad that so many have not been obtained.

Interrogative pronouns and Exclamative pronouns (Pronomi interrogativi e Pronomi Esclamativi)

Pronome interrogativo = QUALE casa? (Nelle domande)

Interrogative pronoun = WHICH home? (in questions)

Pronome esclamativo = QUELLA! (Nelle esclamazioni)

Exclamative pronoun = THAT! (In esclamations)

Integrated with Wikipedia

Lesson 4 - CONJUNCTIONS

THE CONJUNCTIONS

(Le Congiunzioni) Invariable part of speech!

 
Conjunctions are words that connect two words or two phrases to establish logical connections between the parts of the message. Are an invariable part of speech.

 

Monosyllabic words - extra lesson

The monosyllabic words are formed by a single syllable. Some have the same pronunciation (homophones) but different meanings and to distinguish them need to figure out the accent or the apostrophe.

Lesson 3 - ARTICLES/PREPOSITIONS

THE ARTICLES

(Gli Articoli) Variable part of speech!

The article is a variable part of speech that is putted first to give a name to a specified value, an indeterminate one or a generic.

1. Definite articles (articoli determinativi): il, lo, la, i gli, le.

	Articles
male, singular	il, lo (l')
male, plural	i, gli (li)
female, singular	la (l')
female, plural	le

Lo and la apostrophize with names starting with vowel.
Gli apostrophizes with names starting with i.
Un' is used only with female names starting with vowel.

Lo, la, le, gli are articles when they precede the name, become pronouns when they are immediately before or after the verb.
Aricle: Lo stereo è sulla scrivania. (The stereo is on the desk)
Pronouns: Ti credevo furbo, ma non lo sei. (I thought you were smart, but you're not)

2. Indefinite articles (articoli indeterminativi): un, uno, una, un'.

The indefinite articles do not have the plural so we have to use partitive forms (PARTITIVE ARTICLES).
Or we can use: alcuni (male)-alcune (female). (Both "some" in english).

               male  - female

singular

uno

un

una (un')

3. Partitive Articles (articolo partitivo): dei, degli, del, dell', dello, delle, della, del'.

• male, singular: del, dell', dello
• female, singular: della, dell'
• male, plural: dei, degli
• female, plural: delle

THE PREPOSITIONS

(Le Preposizioni) Invariable part of speech!

Simple prepositions (preposizioni semplici): di, a, da, in, con, su, per, tra, fra.
That are useful for introducing "complements" (complementi) and we will meet them again in logical analysis.

Articulated prepositions (preposizioni articolate - variable in the part of articles): are formed from a mixture of simple prepositions and the definite articles.

• The articulated prepositions derived from "con" (collo, colla, cogli, colle, col, coi) and from "per" (pel, pello, pella, pegli, pelle, pei) are rarely used in modern language. In their place is usually used separated forms (con lo, con la, con gli, con le, con il, con i; per il, per lo, per la, per gli, per le, per i).
• The articulated prepositions derived from "di"  can be used as partitive articles.
  For example: Ho comprato dello zucchero e delle arance. (I bought the sugar and oranges)
  You can use also: Ho comprato un pò di zucchero e qualche arancia. (I bought some sugar and some oranges)

 (Section integrated From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.)